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Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a food and fiber crop. Flaxseeds are a good source of dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid.
Flaxseeds also contain phytoestrogens called lignans, which are similar to the hormone estrogen. The fiber in flaxseed is found in the seed coat. When taken before eating, it seems to make people feel less hungry. It might also help limit how much cholesterol the body absorbs from food.
Flaxseed is used for constipation, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and swelling of the kidneys in people with lupus. It is also used for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.
Flaxseed and flaxseed oil have different effects. For information about the oil, see Flaxseed Oil.
- Constipation. Oral flaxseed is a bulk forming laxative that helps to relieve constipation.
Login for details - Diabetes. Oral ground flaxseed modestly reduces blood glucose in patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes. It is unclear if oral whole flaxseed reduces blood glucose.
Login for details - Hypercholesterolemia. Oral whole and ground flaxseed modestly reduce lipid levels.
Login for details - Hypertension. Daily oral flaxseed consumption, especially for longer than 12 weeks, seems to modestly reduce blood pressure.
Login for details - Mastalgia. Oral flaxseed seems to reduce symptoms of cyclic mastalgia.
Login for details - Obesity. Oral flaxseed and flaxseed mucilage seem to modestly improve weight loss in patients who are obese or overweight. However, flaxseed lignan extract does not seem to be beneficial.
Login for details - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis. Oral flaxseed might be beneficial for improving kidney function in SLE.
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- Osteoporosis. Oral flaxseed does not seem to be beneficial in osteoporosis.
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- Acne. Login for details
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is unclear if oral flaxseed lignan improves symptoms of BPH.
Login for details - Breast cancer. It is unclear if oral flaxseed reduces the risk for breast cancer or the progression of breast cancer.
Login for details - Burning mouth syndrome. Flaxseed has only been evaluated in a mouthwash in combination with German chamomile; its effect when used alone is unclear.
Login for details - Cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear if oral flaxseed or flaxseed lignans reduce the development or progression of CVD.
Login for details - Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Login for details
- Colorectal cancer. It is unclear if oral flaxseed reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.
Login for details - Endometrial cancer. It is unclear if oral flaxseed reduces the risk of endometrial cancer.
Login for details - Fatigue. It is unclear if oral ground flaxseed reduces fatigue in overweight children.
Login for details - Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes). It is unclear if oral flaxseed is beneficial in prediabetes.
Login for details - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is unclear if oral flaxseed improves IBS symptoms.
Login for details - Lung cancer. It is unclear if oral flaxseed reduces the risk of lung cancer.
Login for details - Menopausal symptoms. There is contradictory evidence about the effects of flaxseed for reducing menopausal symptoms.
Login for details - Metabolic syndrome. Small studies suggest that oral flaxseed is beneficial for metabolic syndrome.
Login for details - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Small clinical studies suggest that oral flaxseed may modestly reduce markers of liver disease progression in patients with NAFLD.
Login for details - Osteoarthritis. It is unclear if topical flaxseed is beneficial in patients with osteoarthritis.
Login for details - Peripheral arterial disease (PAD). It is unclear if oral flaxseed is beneficial in patients with PAD.
Login for details - Pharyngitis. Login for details
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is unclear if oral flaxseed is beneficial in patients with PCOS.
Login for details - Prostate cancer. Small clinical studies suggest that oral flaxseed may modestly improve biomarkers of prostate cancer.
Login for details - Radiation-induced pneumonitis. It is unclear if oral flaxseed is beneficial for preventing radiation-induced pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Login for details - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear if oral flaxseed is beneficial in patents with RA.
Login for details - Ulcerative colitis. It is unclear if oral flaxseed is beneficial in patients with ulcerative colitis.
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When taken by mouth: Flaxseed is likely safe for most adults. Adding flaxseed to the diet might increase the number of bowel movements each day. It might also cause side effects such as bloating, gas, stomachache, and nausea. Higher doses are likely to cause more side effects.
Taking flaxseed extracts that contain lignans is possibly safe. Flaxseed lignan extracts can be used safely for up to 6 months.
Taking raw or unripe flaxseed by mouth is possibly unsafe. It might be poisonous.
When applied to the skin: Flaxseed is possibly safe when used in a cloth on the skin.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy: Taking flaxseed by mouth during pregnancy is possibly unsafe. Flaxseed can act like the hormone estrogen. Some healthcare providers worry that this might harm the pregnancy. But there is no reliable clinical evidence about its effects on pregnancy. Until more is known, stay on the safe side and avoid use.Breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if flaxseed is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Hormone-sensitive cancers or conditions: Because flaxseed might act somewhat like the hormone estrogen, it might make hormone-sensitive conditions worse. Some of these conditions include breast and ovarian cancer. Until more is known, avoid taking large amounts of flaxseed if you have one of these conditions.
High triglyceride levels (hypertriglyceridemia): Partially defatted flaxseed, which contains less alpha linolenic acid content, might increase triglyceride levels. If your triglyceride levels are too high, don't take this type of flaxseed.
Surgery: Flaxseed might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using it at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Antibiotic drugs
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Bacteria in the intestine convert some of the chemicals in flaxseed into lignans, which are thought to be responsible for many of the possible benefits of flaxseed. However, because antibiotics kill these bacteria, lignans might not be formed as usual. This might alter the effects of flaxseed.
Estrogens
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Flaxseed can act like the female hormone estrogen. It might compete with drugs that contain estrogen. Flaxseed might make these estrogen-containing drugs less effective.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Flaxseed might lower blood sugar levels. Taking flaxseed along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Flaxseed might lower blood pressure. Taking flaxseed along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. Monitor your blood pressure closely.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Flaxseed might slow blood clotting. Taking flaxseed along with medications that also slow blood clotting might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Herbs and supplements that might lower blood pressure: Flaxseed might lower blood pressure. Taking it with other supplements that have the same effect might cause blood pressure to drop too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include andrographis, casein peptides, L-arginine, niacin, and stinging nettle.
Herbs and supplements that might lower blood sugar: Flaxseed might lower blood sugar. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might lower blood sugar too much. Examples of supplements with this effect include aloe, bitter melon, cassia cinnamon, chromium, and prickly pear cactus.
Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting: Flaxseed might slow blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding. Taking it with other supplements with similar effects might increase the risk of bleeding in some people. Examples of supplements with this effect include garlic, ginger, ginkgo, nattokinase, and Panax ginseng.
There are no known interactions with foods.
Flaxseed has most often been used by adults in doses of 20-30 grams by mouth daily. Flaxseed is often mixed with foods and used in baked goods, such as muffins, breads, and snack bars. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.
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