Save
St. John's wort is a plant native to Europe with yellow, star-shaped flowers. It's often used for depression but can cause serious interactions with some drugs.
St. John's wort is named after John the Baptist. The plant usually begins to flower around the 24th of June, the feast day of St. John the Baptist. It contains many chemicals that act on messengers in the brain that regulate mood.
People most commonly use St. John's wort for depression and mood disorders. There is some strong scientific evidence that it is effective for mild to moderate depression. St. John's wort is also used for symptoms of menopause and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these other uses.
St. John's wort is available in dietary supplements in the US. But France has banned its use in products because of drug interaction concerns. In other countries, St. John's wort is only available with a prescription.
- Depression. Specific formulations of oral St. John's wort are effective for mild or moderate major depressive disorder. St. John's wort may also cause fewer side effects than certain conventional antidepressants.
Login for details
- Menopausal symptoms. Oral St. John's wort seems to be beneficial for patients with menopausal symptoms.
Login for details - Somatic symptom disorder. Oral St. John's wort seems to be beneficial for patients with somatoform disorder.
Login for details
- Burning mouth syndrome. Oral St. John's wort does not appear to reduce pain from burning mouth syndrome.
Login for details - Hepatitis C. St. John's wort contains hypericin. Synthetic hypericin has been studied and shown to be ineffective as an oral drug for hepatitis C.
Login for details - HIV/AIDS. St. John's wort contains hypericin. Synthetic hypericin has been studied and shown to be ineffective as an oral and intravenous drug for HIV.
Login for details - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral St. John's wort does not seem to improve symptoms in patients with IBS.
Login for details - Peripheral neuropathy. Oral St. John's wort does not seem to relieve pain in patients with peripheral neuropathy.
Login for details - Social anxiety disorder. Oral St. John's wort does not seem to be beneficial for patients with social anxiety disorder.
Login for details
- Anxiety. Login for details
- Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for improving symptoms in children with ADHD.
Login for details - Brain tumor. St. John's wort contains hypericin. Synthetic hypericin has been studied as an oral drug for malignant brain tumors, with unclear benefit.
Login for details - Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Login for details
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 2. It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for patients with this condition.
Login for details - Fibromyalgia. Login for details
- Genital herpes. Topical St. John's wort has only been evaluated in combination with copper sulfate; its effect when used alone is unclear.
Login for details - Herpes labialis (cold sores). Topical St. John's wort has only been evaluated in combination with copper sulfate; its effect when used alone is unclear.
Login for details - Memory. It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for improving memory in healthy people.
Login for details - Migraine headache. It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for reducing migraine headache.
Login for details - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for reducing OCD symptoms.
Login for details - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Oral St. John's wort has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear.
Login for details - Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for patients with PMS.
Login for details - Psoriasis. It is unclear if topical St. John's wort improves symptoms in patients with plaque psoriasis.
Login for details - Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for patients with SAD.
Login for details - Scleroderma. Topical St. John's wort has only been evaluated in combination with neem oil; its effect when used alone is unclear.
Login for details - Smoking cessation. It is unclear if oral St. John's wort is beneficial for patients trying to quit smoking.
Login for details - Wound healing. Topical St. John's wort seems to improve wound healing in patients after Cesarean section. It is unclear if St John's wort is beneficial as a mouthwash after oral surgery.
Login for details
When taken by mouth: St. John's wort is likely safe when used in doses up to 900 mg daily for up to 12 weeks. It can cause some side effects such as diarrhea, dizziness, trouble sleeping, restlessness, and skin tingling. St. John's wort interacts with many drugs. Let your healthcare provider know if you want to take St. John's wort.
St. John's wort is possibly unsafe when taken in large doses. It might cause severe skin reactions after sun exposure. Wear sun block outside, especially if you are light-skinned.
When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information available to know if St. John's wort is safe when it is applied to the skin. St. John's wort might cause severe skin reactions after sun exposure.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy: St. John's wort is possibly unsafe when taken by mouth during pregnancy. Taking St. John's wort while pregnant might cause birth defects in infants. Until more is known, don't use St. John's wort when pregnant.Breast-feeding: St. John's wort is possibly unsafe when taken by mouth while breast-feeding. Infants can experience colic, drowsiness, and fussiness. Until more is known, don't use St. John's wort when breast-feeding.
Children: St. John's work is possibly safe when taken by mouth for up to 8 weeks in children 6-17 years-old.
Alzheimer disease: St. John's wort might make dementia worse in people with Alzheimer disease.
Bipolar disorder: St. John's wort can bring on mania in people with bipolar disorder, and can also speed up the cycling between depression and mania.
Depression: In people with major depression, St. John's wort might bring on mania, which can involve impulsive behavior.
Schizophrenia: St. John's wort might bring on psychosis in some people with schizophrenia.
Surgery: St. John's wort might affect serotonin levels in the brain, which could interfere with surgical procedures. Also, in people who have used St. John's wort, using anesthesia may lead to serious heart complications during surgery. Stop using St. John's wort at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Alprazolam (Xanax) is commonly used for anxiety. The body breaks down alprazolam (Xanax) to get rid of it. St. John's wort can increase how fast the body gets rid of alprazolam (Xanax). Taking St. John's wort along with alprazolam (Xanax) might decrease the effectiveness of alprazolam (Xanax).
Aminolevulinic acid
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Aminolevulinic acid can make your skin sensitive to the sunlight. St. John's wort might also increase your sensitivity to sunlight. Taking St. John's wort along with aminolevulinic acid might increase the chances of sunburn, blistering or rashes on areas of skin exposed to sunlight. Be sure to wear sunblock and protective clothing when spending time in the sun.
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down amitriptyline (Elavil) to get rid of it. St. John's wort can increase how quickly the body gets rid of some medications. St. John's wort might decrease the effectiveness of amitriptyline (Elavil) by increasing how quickly the body breaks down amitriptyline (Elavil).
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Some birth control pills contain estrogen. The body breaks down the estrogen in birth control pills to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase the break down of estrogen. Taking St. John's wort along with birth control pills might decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. If you take birth control pills along with St. John's wort, use an additional form of birth control such as a condom.
Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
The body breaks down clopidogrel (Plavix) to a chemical that decreases blood clotting in the body. Taking St. John's wort along with clopidogrel (Plavix) might increase how well the body breaks down clopidogrel (Plavix) and decrease blood clotting too much.
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). By increasing the breakdown of cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) St. John's wort might decrease the effectiveness of cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). Do not take St. John's wort if you are taking cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune).
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, and others)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
St. John's wort can affect a brain chemical called serotonin. Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others) can also affect serotonin. Taking St. John's wort along with dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, others) might cause too much serotonin in the brain and serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and anxiety. Do not take St. John's wort if you are taking dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM, and others).
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Digoxin (Lanoxin) helps the heart beat more strongly. St. John's wort might decrease how much digoxin (Lanoxin) the body absorbs. By decreasing how much digoxin (Lanoxin) the body absorbs St. John's wort might decrease the effects of digoxin (Lanoxin).
Fenfluramine (Pondimin)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Fenfluramine (Pondimin) increases a chemical in the brain. This chemical is called serotonin. St. John's wort also increases serotonin. Taking fenfluramine with St. John's wort might cause there to be too much serotonin. This could cause serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, nausea, headache, and anxiety.
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
The body breaks down fexofenadine (Allegra) to get rid of it. St. John's wort might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of fexofenadine. This could cause fexofenadine (Allegra) to stay in the body too long. This could lead to increased effects and side effects of fexofenadine (Allegra).
Imatinib (Gleevec)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down imatinib to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the body gets rid of imatinib (Gleevec). Taking St. John's wort along with imatinib (Gleevec) might decrease the effectiveness of imatinib (Gleevec). Do not take St. John's wort if you are taking imatinib (Gleevec).
Irinotecan (Camptosar)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Irinotecan (Camptosar) is used to treat cancer. The body breaks down irinotecan (Camptosar) to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase how fast the body breaks down irinotecan (Camptosar) and decrease the effectiveness of irinotecan (Camptosar).
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking St. John's wort along with some medications that are changed by the liver can decrease the effectiveness of some medications. Before taking St. John's wort talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some of these medications that are changed by the liver include clozapine (Clozaril), cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), fluvoxamine (Luvox), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), mexiletine (Mexitil), olanzapine (Zyprexa), pentazocine (Talwin), propranolol (Inderal), tacrine (Cognex), zileuton (Zyflo), zolmitriptan (Zomig), and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking St. John's wort along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can decrease the effectiveness of your medication. Before taking St. John's wort talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications that are changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), diazepam (Valium), zileuton (Zyflo), celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), fluvastatin (Lescol), glipizide (Glucotrol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), phenytoin (Dilantin), piroxicam (Feldene), tamoxifen (Nolvadex), tolbutamide (Tolinase), torsemide (Demadex), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking St. John's wort along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can decrease the effectiveness of some medications. Before taking St. John's wort talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications changed by the liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others.
Medications for HIV/AIDS (Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs))
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down medications used for HIV/AIDS. St. John's wort can increase how quickly the body breaks down these medications. Taking St. John's wort might decrease how well some medications used for HIV/AIDS work.
Some of these medications used for HIV/AIDS include nevirapine (Viramune), delavirdine (Rescriptor), and efavirenz (Sustiva).
Medications for HIV/AIDS (Protease Inhibitors)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down medications used for HIV/AIDS to get rid of them. Taking St. John's wort might increase how quickly the body breaks down these medications. This could decrease the effectiveness of some medications used for HIV/AIDS.
Some of these medications used for HIV/AIDS include amprenavir (Agenerase), nelfinavir (Viracept), ritonavir (Norvir), and saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase).
Medications for depression (Antidepressant drugs)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
St. John's wort increases a brain chemical called serotonin. Some medications for depression also increase the brain chemical serotonin. Taking St. John's wort along with these medications for depression might increase serotonin too much and cause serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and anxiety. Do not take St. John's wort if you are taking medications for depression.
Some of these medications for depression include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), amitriptyline (Elavil), clomipramine (Anafranil), imipramine (Tofranil), and others.
Medications for depression (MAOIs)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
St. John's wort increases a chemical in the brain. This chemical is called serotonin. Some medications used for depression also increase serotonin. Taking St. John's wort with these medications used for depression might cause there to be too much serotonin. This could cause serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and anxiety.
Some of these medications used for depression include phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), and others.
Medications for migraine headaches ("Triptans")
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Some medications for migraine headaches can affect a chemical in the brain called serotonin. St. John's wort can also affect serotonin. Taking St. John's wort along with some medications for migraine headache might cause too much serotonin in the brain and serious side effects including confusion, shivering, stiff muscles, and other side effects.
Some medications for migraine headache include frovatriptan (Frova), naratriptan (Amerge), rizatriptan (Maxalt), sumatriptan (Imitrex), and zolmitriptan (Zomig).
Medications for pain (Narcotic drugs)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down some medications for pain to get rid of them. St. John's Wort might decrease how fast the body gets rid of some medications for pain. By decreasing how fast the body gets rid of some medications for pain, St. John's wort might increase the effects and side effects of some medications for pain.
Some medications for pain include meperidine (Demerol), hydrocodone, morphine, OxyContin, and many others.
Medications moved by pumps in cells (P-Glycoprotein Substrates)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Some medications are moved by pumps in cells. St. John's wort can make these pumps more active and decrease how much of some medications get absorbed by the body. This might decrease the effectiveness of some medications.
Some medications that are moved by these pumps include etoposide, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, cimetidine, ranitidine, diltiazem, verapamil, corticosteroids, erythromycin, cisapride (Propulsid), fexofenadine (Allegra), cyclosporine, loperamide (Imodium), quinidine, and others.
Medications that increase sensitivity to sunlight (Photosensitizing drugs)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Some medications can increase sensitivity to sunlight. St. John's Wort might also increase your sensitivity to sunlight. Taking St. John's wort along with medications that increase sensitivity to sunlight could increase the chances of sunburn, blistering or rashes on areas of skin exposed to sunlight. Be sure to wear sunblock and protective clothing when spending time in the sun.
Some drugs that cause photosensitivity include amitriptyline (Elavil), Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), norfloxacin (Noroxin), lomefloxacin (Maxaquin), ofloxacin (Floxin), levofloxacin (Levaquin), sparfloxacin (Zagam), gatifloxacin (Tequin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Septra), tetracycline, methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP, Oxsoralen), and Trioxsalen (Trisoralen).
Meperidine (Demerol)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
St. John's wort increases a chemical in the brain called serotonin. Meperidine (Demerol) can also increase serotonin in the brain. Taking St. John's wort along with meperidine (Demerol) might cause too much serotonin in the brain and serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and anxiety.
Methylphenidate (Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Ritalin)
Interaction Rating=Minor Be watchful with this combination.
Taking St. John's wort along with methylphenidate might decrease how well methylphenidate works for controlling symptoms of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Nefazodone (Serzone)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Nefazodone can increase a chemical in the brain. This chemical is called serotonin. St. John's wort can also increase serotonin. Taking St. John's wort with nefazodone might cause there to be too much serotonin. This could lead to serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and restlessness.
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down nortriptyline (Pamelor) to get rid of it. St. John's wort can increase how quickly the body breaks down nortriptyline (Pamelor). This could decrease the effectiveness of nortriptyline (Pamelor).
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Paroxetine (Paxil) increases a chemical in the brain. This chemical is called serotonin. St. John's wort also increases serotonin. Taking paroxetine (Paxil) and St. John's wort together might cause there to be too much serotonin. This could lead to serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and weakness.
Pentazocine (Talwin)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
St. John's wort increases a brain chemical called serotonin. Pentazocine (Talwin) also increases serotonin. Taking St. John's wort along with pentazocine (Talwin) might increase serotonin too much. This could cause serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and anxiety. Do not take St. John's wort if you are taking pentazocine (Talwin).
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down phenobarbital (Luminal) to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the body breaks down phenobarbital. This could decrease how well phenobarbital works.
Phenprocoumon
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down phenprocoumon to get rid of it. St. John's wort increases how quickly the body breaks down phenprocoumon. This decreases the effectiveness of phenprocoumon.
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down phenytoin (Dilantin) to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the body breaks down phenytoin. Taking St. John's wort and taking phenytoin (Dilantin) might decrease the effectiveness of phenytoin (Dilantin) and increase the possibility of seizures.
Procainamide
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
St. John's wort extract might increase how much procainamide the body absorbs. This could increase the effects and side effects of procainamide. But the significance of this potential interaction is not known.
Reserpine
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
St. John's wort can decrease the effects of reserpine.
Sedative medications (Barbiturates)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Medications that cause sleepiness and drowsiness are called sedatives. St. John's wort might decrease the effectiveness of sedative medications. It is not clear why this interaction occurs.
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Sertraline (Zoloft) can increase a chemical in the brain. This chemical is called serotonin. St. John's wort also increases serotonin. This can cause there to be too much serotonin in the brain. This could lead to serious side effects including heart problems, shivering, and irritability.
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Interaction Rating=Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
The body breaks down simvastatin (Zocor) to get rid of it. St. John's wort increases how quickly the body breaks down simvastatin. This can cause simvastatin to be less effective.
Tacrolimus (Prograf, Protopic)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
The body breaks down tacrolimus (Prograf, Protopic) to get rid of it. St. John's wort can increase how quickly the body breaks down tacrolimus. This can cause tacrolimus to be less effective.
Theophylline
Interaction Rating=Minor Be watchful with this combination.
The body breaks down theophylline to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase how quickly the body gets rid of theophylline. Taking St. John's wort along with theophylline might decrease the effectiveness of theophylline. But it is not clear if this interaction is a big concern.
Tramadol (Ultram)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Tramadol (Ultram) can affect a chemical in the brain called serotonin. St. John's wort can also affect serotonin. Taking St. John's wort along with tramadol (Ultram) might cause too much serotonin in the brain and side effects including confusion, shivering, stiff muscles, and other side effects.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Interaction Rating=Major Do not take this combination.
Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. The body breaks down warfarin (Coumadin) to get rid of it. St. John's wort might increase the breakdown and decrease the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). Decreasing the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the risk of clotting. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.
Herbs and supplements with serotonergic properties: St. John's wort increases a brain chemical called serotonin. Taking it along with other supplements that have this effect might cause serious side effects, including heart problems, seizures, and vomiting. Examples of supplements with this effect include 5-HTP, black seed, L-tryptophan, and SAMe.
Herbs that contain cardiac glycosides: St. John's wort contains chemicals that can affect the heart. These chemicals are called cardiac glycosides. Using it along with other supplements that also contain cardiac glycosides can increase the risk of heart damage. Examples of supplements that contain cardiac glycosides include black hellebore, foxglove, lily-of-the-valley, oleander, and pleurisy root.
Iron: St. John's wort might decrease the absorption of iron.
Red yeast: St. John's wort might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications called statins. Red yeast contains chemicals similar to statins. St. John's wort might reduce blood levels of chemicals in red yeast and decrease the effects of red yeast.
There are no known interactions with foods.
Talk to your healthcare provider before taking St. John's wort. It can interact with many different drugs.
St. John's wort extract is most commonly used by adults in doses of 600-900 mg by mouth daily, taken in 2-3 divided doses, for up to 12 weeks. St. John's wort is also available in ointments, creams, and gels. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.
Amber, Amber Touch-and-Heal, Barbe de Saint-Jean, Chasse-diable, Demon Chaser, Fuga Daemonum, Goatweed, Hardhay, Herbe à la Brûlure, Herbe à Mille Trous, Herbe Aux Fées, Herbe Aux Mille Vertus, Herbe Aux Piqûres, Herbe de Saint Éloi, Herbe de la Saint-Jean, Herbe du Charpentier, Herbe Percée, Hierba de San Juan, Hypereikon, Hyperici Herba, Hypericum perforatum, Klamath Weed, Millepertuis, Millepertuis Perforé, Rosin Rose, Saynt Johannes Wort, SJW, Tipton Weed.
Natural Medicines disclaims any responsibility related to medical consequences of using any medical product. Effort is made to ensure that the information contained in this monograph is accurate at the time it was published. Consumers and medical professionals who consult this monograph are cautioned that any medical or product related decision is the sole responsibility of the consumer and/or the health care professional. A legal License Agreement sets limitations on downloading, storing, or printing content from this Database. Except for any possible exceptions written into your License Agreement, no reproduction of this monograph or any content from this Database is permitted without written permission from the publisher. Unlawful to download, store, or distribute content from this site.
For the latest comprehensive data on this and every other natural medicine, health professionals should consult the Professional Version of the Natural Medicines. It is fully referenced and updated daily.
© Copyright 1995-2021. Therapeutic Research Faculty, publishers of Natural Medicines, Prescriber's Letter, and Pharmacist's Letter. All rights reserved.
Licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC
Copyright © 1995-2023 by Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. All Rights Reserved.